[Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education - the leading educational institution in the country for the training of forensic medical personnel (for the 90th anniversary from the establishment of the department of forensic medicine)]. / Rossiiskaya meditsinskaya akademiya nepreryvnogo professional'nogo obrazovaniya ­ vedushchee obrazovatel'noe uchrezhdenie strany po podgotovke sudebno-meditsinskikh kadrov (k 90-letiyu so dnya obrazovaniya kafedry sudebnoi meditsiny).

The article presents a detailed analysis of the stages of formation, development and achievements of the forensic medicine department of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, established in 1933 yr. More than 100 resident doctors and 15 PhD students have been trained in the department for 90 years. As a part of additional professional education implementation, more than 800 cycles of training courses for forensic medical and forensic experts and more than 30 cycles of professional retraining for doctors of other specialties have been carried out. More than 160 thous. specialists have been trained at the department since its establishment. Many employees of the department were directly involved in the performance of the most complicated and socially significant forensic medical examinations. The article describes the main achievements and scientific directions of the department's staff activity, directions and prospects of improving the training of forensic medical personnel in the country.

[Analysis of fatal electrical injury rates in the Russian Federation for the period of 2003 to 2021]. / Analiz pokazatelei smertel'noi elektrotravmy v Rossiiskoi Federatsii za 2003­2021 gg.

Aim of this study is to research the fatal electrical injury rate in the Russian Federation, identified during the forensic medical investigation/examination of corpses for the period of 2003 to 2021, and to detect Russian regions, where fatal electrical injury rates are significantly higher than the national average. Based on research of annual reports, it has been established, that the fatal electrical injury reaches insignificant, but relatively stable part in the total amount of violent death and fatal mechanical injury in the Russian Federation. The analysis of fatal electrical injury rates depending on Russian regions showed that the Republics of Adygea and Kalmykia, Krasnodar Territory, Rostov, Kursk and Astrakhan regions are areas with the greatest prevalence of fatal electrical injury. A comparative data analysis for the Russian Federation with the European Union countries and the CIS countries demonstrates that the fatal electrical injury has a high frequency of occurrence in our country.

[Criteria for assessing the severity of the lesion and the outcome of the electric injury, depending on the parameters of the current and its pathways]. / Kriterii otsenki tyazhesti porazheniya i iskhoda elektrotravmy v zavisimosti ot parametrov toka i putei ego prokhozhdeniya.

The purpose of the work is to establish the relationship between the magnitudes of the electric current and clinical and physiological manifestations (outcome) on the basis of data from special literature. When performing forensic medical examinations, questions are often raised about the possibility of saving the life of an injured person in the provision of timely medical care, as well as the possibility of taking active actions after causing damages. The totality of the above information will enable to answer these questions reasonably. Besides, the data summarized in the article are necessary when planning experimental work in the study of electropathology and when conducting biomedical tests.

[Algorithms of comparative analysis of forensic characteristics of sexual aggression]. / Algoritmy sravnitel'nogo analiza sudebno-meditsinskikh kharakteristik seksual'noi agressii.

The purpose of the work is to actualize the importance of forensic diagnostics of bodily injuries caused to victims of serial murders with signs of sexual motivation as a special category of crimes causing public resonance and negative statistical indicators of investigation efficiency. Based on the results of forensics in serial homicide investigations, common signs of injuries for most victims, methods of their generalization and solving situational problems are presented. The totality of the data obtained made it possible to identify the most stable diagnostic criteria that determine the specifics of serial murders in the forensic aspect. The application of such criteria in practice ensures that objective data necessary to prove both serial murders and signs of sexual aggression are obtained at the preliminary investigation and the stage of legal proceedings.

[Forensic medical assessment of injuries caused by ice cracking tools]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya otsenka povrezhdenii, prichinennykh orudiyami dlya kolki l'da.

The work purpose is to identify objective morphological traits of punctured and stab and slash wounds obtained as a result of using the ice cracking tools. An experimental injury to the skin was carried out, followed by the study and analysis of morphological signs of wounds. It was established that, depending on the design features of the ice-cracking tools and the conditions of injury, the injuries have a number of similar characteristics with wounds from the other puncturing and stab and slash articles, as well as they have certain morphological features.

[Pneumocephaly: an expert assessment in determining the severity of harm to health]. / Pnevmotsefaliya: ekspertnaya otsenka opredeleniya tyazhesti vreda zdorov'yu.

The purpose of the work is the analysis of etiology and pathogenesis of pneumocephaly in various injuries, diseases and pathological conditions for the reasonable determination of the severity of health damage during forensic medical examinations. The analysis of literature data on the causes and mechanisms of pneumocephaly is given. Attention is paid to the assessment of pneumocephaly in determining the health damage in patients with traumatic brain injury or if it is suspected. It is proposed to consider pneumocephaly as an indirect sign of a skull fracture. In case of pneumocephaly, a radiologically confirmed fracture is necessary to justify serious health damage. The medical documents of the victim should be examined to exclude concomitant diseases and pathological conditions that can lead to pneumocephaly.

[Possibility of determine taser's models by morfological features of the skin injuries]. / Vozmozhnosti ustanovleniya modelei elektroshokovykh ustroistv po morfologicheskim priznakam povrezhdenii kozhi.

The aim of study is to identify morfological signs of the skin damage, formed by electric discharge of different models of tasers, and therefore to determine construction features characterizing taser's models, as well as to detect the conditions of traumatization. As a result of experiment it was revealed that various morphological skin damages are caused by difference in the configuration of taser's terminal elements. It gives reason for an objective conclusion about stun gun's specific model.

[Study of an electrical charge self-defense device]. / Issledovanie élektrorazriadnogo sredstva samozashchity.

An electric charge device for self defense was evaluated on a volunteer. The device is safe for life and health of a healthy adult human. Moral aspects of such trials on humans are discussed.

[Establishing the personal identity of the victims in aviation catastrophes]. / Ob ustanovlenii lichnosti pogibshikh pri aviatsionnykh katastrofakh.

Algorithm of organization measures and expert investigations is proposed, based on experience gained in expert studies during liquidation of aircraft catastrophes. It permits effective classification, differentiation, and identification of victims and is based on traditional and high technological methods of investigation.

[The forensic medical assessment of the bone damages to skeletons from a group burial in the environs of Yekaterinburg]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaia otsenka povrezhdenii kostei skeletov iz gruppovogo zakhoroneniia v okrestnostiakh Ekaterinburga.

Results of comprehensive expert evaluation of bone remains found at the place of burial made 80 years ago are presented. Injuries inflicted by gunshots, mechanical, chemical, and other factors are classified. Diagnostic criteria for reconstruction of circumstances of death and burial of the Romanov family and subjects in their attendance are defined.

[A method for performing complex medical and technical automobile expertise in establishing the position of subjects in the passenger section of a car]. / O metodike provedeniia kompleksnykh mediko-avtotekhnicheskikh ékspertiz pri ustanovlenii mestonakhozhdeniia lits v salone avtomobilia.

The authors analyze in brief the forensic medical expert conclusions from various regions of Russia in which the experts assessed the position of subjects inside a car during accidents. Analysis showed a low level of the expert evaluations carried out because the method of comprehensive medical and technological expert evaluation was not resorted to. The authors present the fundamentals of the method, describe the stages of expert investigations, and enumerate the problems which are to be solved together by forensic physicians and experts in technology. They emphasize the necessity of using this method, which permits the experts make a better based conclusion with due consideration for complex multifactorial conditions of an accident.